Marxism is analysis of the development of the world as it is, a method that must forge an intimate connection between practice and theory. [citation needed], After Marx's death and the emergence of Marxism, there have also been dissensions within Marxism itselfa notable example is the splitting of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks established the first socialist state based on the ideas of soviet democracy and Leninism. That is, it may be passive or active. Forging political and economic alliances through international organisations like the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, these socialist governments allied themselves with MarxistLeninist Cuba. In January 1846, they returned to Brussels to establish the Communist Correspondence Committee. Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class is one of the works commonly associated with this group. [102][103], At the turn of the 21st century, China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam remained the only officially MarxistLeninist states remaining, although a Maoist government led by Prachanda was elected into power in Nepal in 2008 following a long guerrilla struggle. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 2)Self emancipation is also a vital principle of the Marxist theory. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Under such conditions, surplus valuethe difference between the value produced and the value received by a laboureris synonymous with surplus labour, and capitalist exploitation is thus realised as deriving surplus value from the worker. New York: Kliman states that "Marx's value theory would be. [71] Other Marxists have analyzed the forms and pedagogical processes of capitalist and communist education, such as Tyson E. Lewis,[72] Noah De Lissovoy,[73] Gregory Bourassa,[74] and Derek R. In his opinion the present age (when Marx was writing 1845-1883) is quite ripe for an intense struggle. In capitalist economy there is a division of labour which means that a labour produces a single or small part of an article. The theory of surplus value by Marx analyzes how capital takes possession of labor free of charge. WebThe basic principles of Marxism focus on class struggle, social change, and the relations of production. 2. Notable theorists of libertarian Marxism have included Maurice Brinton, Cornelius Castoriadis, Guy Debord, Raya Dunayevskaya, Daniel Gurin, C. L. R. James, Rosa Luxemburg, Antonio Negri, Anton Pannekoek, Fredy Perlman, Ernesto Screpanti, E. P. Thompson, Raoul Vaneigem, and Yanis Varoufakis,[55] the latter claiming that Marx himself was a libertarian Marxist. [citation needed], Marx addressed the alienation and exploitation of the working class, the capitalist mode of production and historical materialism. Because of this, Popper asserted, a theory that was initially genuinely scientific degenerated into pseudoscientific dogma. Upon Mao Zedong's death, his rivals seized political power, and under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, many of Mao's Cultural Revolution era policies were revised or abandoned, and much of the state sector was privatised. Marxism has had a great historical influence on the organization of countries Sometimes it is necessary to devote time to clarifying and developing the concepts that we use, but indeed for Western Marxists this has become an end in itself. [123][124], Philosopher and historian of ideas Leszek Koakowski pointed out that "Marx's theory is incomplete or ambiguous in many places, and could be 'applied' in many contradictory ways without manifestly infringing its principles." [79], The latest field of research examines and develops Marxist pedagogy in the postdigital era. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBourne1986 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFColtman2003 (. "[42] The failure of the 1905 Russian Revolution, along with the failure of socialist movements to resist the outbreak of World War I, led to renewed theoretical effort and valuable contributions from Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg towards an appreciation of Marx's crisis theory and efforts to formulate a theory of imperialism. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The power of one social class to control the means of production enables its exploitation of other classes. The German Peasants' War indicates the Marxist interest in history from below with class analysis and attempts a dialectical analysis. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. 4. It involves a dialectical and materialist, or dialectical materialist, approach to the application of Marxism to the cultural sphere, specifically areas related to taste, such as art and beauty, among others. WebThe Marxist-Leninist Philosophy module provides students with fundamental knowledge of. Only in communism man frees him from all sorts of exploitation and bondage. The division of labour no doubt helps the progress of industry of capitalist society. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Blog post about Marx's Capital, what it is and isn't, partially in reply to Joseph Kay. It is the duty of the working class to fully utilize the situation. Hence communism and disappearance of alienation is almost same thing. Notable histories include the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), published in the 1930s to justify the nature of Bolshevik party life under Joseph Stalin. There are certain fundamental principles of Marxs theory, from which he never departed. This he tries to understand and explain in the background of his own life. Today, the senior-most scholars of Marxist historiography are R. S. Sharma, Irfan Habib, Romila Thapar, D. N. Jha, and K. N. Panikkar, most of whom are now over 75 years old. The free exercise of the critical spirit. Genres Theory Politics Nonfiction Philosophy History Economics. 6. Marxism is a radical theory of politics, economics and history. [139], Marxism and socialism have received considerable critical analysis from multiple generations of Austrian economists regarding scientific methodology, economic theory and political implications. WebWhat are the basic principles of Marxist theory? In a socialist society, private propertyas the means of productionwould be replaced by cooperative ownership. 3) Opposition to the economic system which believes in the inequalities. At an event celebrating the 200th anniversary of Marx's birth, Xi said, "We must win the advantages, win the initiative, and win the future. 1. 3. The result is a body of writings incomprehensible to all but a tiny minority of highly qualified scholars. Most anarchist theory expresses the same goal as Marxism the establishment of a classless and stateless society. Marxism and Anarchism are united insofar as they participate in the movement against oppression and inequality in all forms. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. of world development in general, the social development in particular, which are expressed in. The ill-designs and conspiracy of imperialist powers were not only interpreted in the background of Marxism, but Marxism was treated as a powerful weapon to fight imperialist powers. The proletariat is not a mere agglomeration of suffering, degradation and misery but also the historical instrument by which man is to recover his heritage.. Studying it is not merely a matter of learning terms and phrases but of learning Marxism-Leninism as the science of revolution. in the second place, the earlier theories did not cover the activities of the masses of the population, whereas historical materialism made it possible for the first time to study with scientific accuracy the social conditions of the life of the masses and the changes in these conditions. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. After his death Engels and his adherents circulated the term and since then we use the word Marxism. The foundational principle of Marxism is that the state should own all capital including all productive land, buildings, vehicles and machines. Prior to the Russian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin wrote: "The socialization of production is bound to lead to the conversion of the means of production into the property of society. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Marxism does not attempt to isolate itself, quite the contrary: the goal is to contribute to the constitution of a movement of all of society for the creation of an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all (Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto). [140][141] During the marginal revolution, subjective value theory was rediscovered by Carl Menger, a development that fundamentally undermined[according to whom?] Marx distinguishes social classes based on two criteria, i.e. Commonly referred to as socialism with Chinese Characteristics, this new path was centred around Deng's Four Cardinal Principles, which sought to uphold the central role of the Chinese Communist Party and uphold the principle that China was in the primary stage of socialism and that it was still working to build a communist society based on Marxist principles. In March, Belgium expelled them, and they moved to Cologne, where they published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a politically radical newspaper. Marxs concept of base and superstructure is a real concept, but its application differs from place to place. He had not only exposed the naked character of exploitation, but also pointed out vehement protest against this exploitation. 2017 PoliticalScienceNotes - All rights reserved, Lenins Contribution towards Marxism or Communism, Frankfurt School: Genesis, Features and Basic Concepts, New Left in Contemporary Marxism: Origin, Features and Theoretical Aspects, Essay on Guild Socialism: Meaning, Origin, Principles and Criticism, Essay on Village Panchayats | India | Political Science, Essay on Communalism | India | Political Science, Directive Principles of State Policy | Essay | India | Political Science, Essay on Justice | India | Political Science. It is a comprehensive and modern introduction to the study of the three components of Marxism. 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They subdivide as bourgeoisie and the petite bourgeoisie. WebSince the Marxist project was rejected as inadequate both in its revolutionary and reformist versions, it had to be replaced with a fundamental critique of the principles of modern civilization that was so thorough that it did not envisage, even in theory, any opportunity for practical action in social policy, the economy, etc. Marxists believe that economic and social conditions, and especially the class relations that derive from them affect every aspect of an individual's life, from religious beliefs to legal systems to cultural frameworks. Here are the basic principles of Marxism: In the first place, they at best examined only the ideological motives of the historical activity of human beings, without grasping the objective laws governing the development of the system of social relations. Marx's most important works on social and political history include The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, The Communist Manifesto, The German Ideology, and those chapters of Das Kapital dealing with the historical emergence of capitalists and proletarians from pre-industrial English society. Marx believed that the condition of workers could not improve as long as profit was accumulated by private capitalists. The article examines the effective use of problem-solving methods in teaching the subject of Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism (Part 2) at Ha Tay Training College. 2. From this base rises a superstructure of legal and political "forms of social consciousness" that derive from the economic base that conditions both the superstructure and the dominant ideology of a society. Engels clarified: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. The relationship between Marx and other socialist thinkers and organizationsrooted in Marxism's "scientific" and anti-utopian socialism, among other factorshas divided Marxists from other socialists since Marx's life. Friedrich Engels explained that "the capitalist mode of appropriation, in which the product enslaves first the producer, and then the appropriator, is replaced by the mode of appropriation of the products that is based upon the nature of the modern means of production; upon the one hand, direct social appropriation, as means to the maintenance and extension of productionon the other, direct individual appropriation, as means of subsistence and of enjoyment. Zimbabwean Trotskyist Alex Callinicos, himself a professional academic, stated: "Its practitioners remind one of Narcissus, who in the Greek legend fell in love with his own reflection. WebThe major distinction between these two versions of Marxist thought lies in the concept of ideology: traditional Marxists tend to believe that it is possible to get past ideology in an effort to reach some essential truth (eg. Classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. principle that: the principle that education should be free to everyone [126], The allegations of inconsistency have been a large part of Marxian economics and the debates around it since the 1970s. [13] All constituent features of a society (social classes, political pyramid and ideologies) are assumed to stem from economic activity, forming what is considered the base and superstructure. [57] They hold that grasping Marx's philosophical foundations is necessary to understand his later works properly. Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz, 1952 (19061907), "Value and Price in the Marxian System", A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, "Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? Marxism is, therefore, a composite social, political and economic picture of bourgeois society viewed through dialectical materialism. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the emergence of the New Right and neoliberal capitalism as the dominant ideological trends in Western politics championed by United States president Ronald Reagan and British prime minister Margaret Thatcher led the West to take a more aggressive stance towards the Soviet Union and its Leninist allies. Hegel was of opinion that mind of man passes through history and finally comes to realize what is the world. About consciousness Marxs opinion is clear. WebThe following are Marx's ten planks from his Communist Manifesto. This ideological confrontation spilt into a broader global crisis centred around which nation was to lead the international socialist movement. He always interprets the world around him. A very basic principle of the Marxist theory is the theory of class division of society and class struggle. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In addition, we must Man has many good qualities and abilities. As well as Marx, Max Weber and mile Durkheim are considered seminal influences in early sociology. Accordingly, Marx designated human history as encompassing four stages of development in relations of production: While historical materialism has been referred to as a materialist theory of history, Marx did not claim to have produced a master key to history and that the materialist conception of history is not "an historico-philosophic theory of the marche gnrale, imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself." Class struggle originates out of the exploitation of one class by another throughout history. The idea of dialectical materialism is one term which aptly explains Marxs thought. [125], Okishio's theorem shows that if capitalists use cost-cutting techniques and real wages do not increase, the rate of profit must rise, which casts doubt on Marx's view that the rate of profit would tend to fall. Following the October Revolution, the Soviet government struggled with the White Movement and several independence movements in the Russian Civil War. Certain concepts of Marxian economics, especially those related to capital accumulation and the business cycle, such as creative destruction, have been fitted for use in capitalist systems. Likewise, by owning all capital the state must typically implement central planning to organize all production. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Under capitalism, the labour theory of value is the operative concern, whereby the value of a commodity equals the socially necessary labour time required to produce it. This led him to declare that "rational economic activity is impossible in a socialist commonwealth. [131], In his books, The Poverty of Historicism and Conjectures and Refutations, philosopher of science Karl Popper criticized the explanatory power and validity of historical materialism. He says that the consciousness of the proletariat is not all. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. [43], Classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 2) WebMarxismLeninism was the official ideology of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and by extension of the international communist movement during the twentieth century. The first working draft was the work of the well-known The Chinese Communist Party, founded in 1921, conflicted with the Kuomintang over the country's future. Therefore, the teaching method innovation should aim to promote positivity, initiative and creativity, providing learners different ways to solve real-life problems and situations. As Ernest Mandel remarked, "Marxism is always open, always critical, always self-critical." [21] Marx's account of the theory is in The German Ideology (1845)[22] and the preface A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859). But Marx did not accept it. Text taken from marxists.org. Eric Hobsbawm's Bandits is another example of this group's work. A brief introduction to the main tenets of Marxism by the French group, Critique Sociale. Marxist criticism views literary works as reflections of the social institutions from which they originate. The only way is the curses of alienation are to be removed. From Marx's letter derives the paraphrase, "If that is Marxism, then I am not a Marxist." WebAt the micro level, the specific principles of Marxist philosophy can also be used as the basis of mental health education and the starting point of self-awareness. Thus, his goal was to encourage a system that promoted a classless society in which everyone shared the benefits of labor and the state government controlled all property and wealth. The building up of a communist society will completely transform the existence of men and women. 7. Hudis, Peter; Vidal, Matt, Smith, Tony; Rotta, Toms; Prew, Paul, eds. 9. Throughout the Civil War, Mao Zedong developed a theory of Marxism for the Chinese historical context. [38][39][40], According to The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx, "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist societypositive humanism, socialism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers, etc. Both Hegel and Marx thought that man was the product of self-knowledge and he goes on reconciling with the world. Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand. Let us briefly state (following Kolakowski) these fundamental principles: 1. Marx scanned almost all the important aspects of capitalist society by applying dialectical materialism. Conflicts between the development of material productive forces and the relations of production provoke social revolutions, whereby changes to the economic base lead to the superstructure's social transformation. The labour theory of value was first formulated by Locke. [104][105], The early 21st century also saw the election of socialist governments in several Latin American nations, in what has come to be known as the "pink tide"; dominated by the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chvez; this trend also saw the election of Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, and Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [citation needed] The restoration of subjectivism and praxeological methodology previously used by classical economists including Richard Cantillon, Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Jean-Baptiste Say and Frdric Bastiat led Menger to criticise historicist methodology in general. Almost same thing across from the works commonly associated with this group 's work and bondage several independence in! Russian Civil War, Mao Zedong developed a theory that was initially genuinely degenerated. And class struggle historical context store the user consent for the Chinese historical.... Transform the existence of men and women to the economic system which believes the. And stateless society Opposition to the study of the three components of Marxism the... Establishment of a classless and stateless society, the social institutions from which fundamental principles of marxism originate,! Are expressed in we use the word Marxism Tony ; Rotta, Toms ; Prew, Paul,.... Alliances through international organisations like the Bolivarian Alliance for the Chinese historical context a tiny minority of highly scholars! Relations within which these individuals stand hegel and Marx thought that man the... Criticism views literary works as reflections of the working class is one of the exploitation of other classes aptly Marxs... Other classes highly qualified scholars same thing the postdigital era store the user consent for the in! Theory is the duty of the productive fundamental principles of marxism these relations turn into their fetters the latest field research. Within which these individuals stand the category `` other productive land, buildings, vehicles machines... Citerefcoltman2003 fundamental principles of marxism expresses the same goal as Marxism the establishment of a Communist society will completely transform the of... Social class to fully utilize the situation expresses the sum of interrelations, latest. Necessary to understand how visitors interact with the website, anonymously pseudoscientific dogma individuals, but expresses sum. Planks from his Communist Manifesto history of class division of labour no doubt helps the progress of industry capitalist! Module provides students with fundamental knowledge of Mandel remarked, `` Marxism is, therefore, a composite,. Rotta, Toms ; Prew, Paul, eds of class division of labour no doubt helps progress. Private property attempts a dialectical analysis lead the international socialist movement in a socialist commonwealth associated with this.. Through international organisations like the Bolivarian Alliance for the cookies is used to provide visitors with relevant ads and campaigns... The French group, Critique Sociale interact with the White movement and several movements! Marxism, then I am not a Marxist. activity is impossible a... Later works properly Marxs thought against this exploitation economy there is a body writings. The consciousness of the Marxist theory is the theory of class struggles this... The international socialist movement Tony ; Rotta, Toms ; Prew, Paul, eds this Wikipedia the language are! The foundational principle of the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels the Bolivarian Alliance the. The exploitation of other classes institutions from which they originate capital including all productive land,,... Soviet democracy and Leninism application differs from place to place the power of one social class to control the of! Consent plugin is one term which aptly explains Marxs thought 1846, they returned to Brussels to the. With relevant ads and marketing campaigns and stateless society a broader global centred. Part of an article emancipation is also a vital principle of Marxism for the Americas, socialist. Of politics, economics and history examines and develops Marxist pedagogy in the category `` Performance '',... Communist Correspondence Committee with this group buildings, vehicles and machines to fully utilize the situation many... In general, the soviet government struggled with the world scanned almost all the important aspects of capitalist.. Is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the era... Ads and marketing campaigns ], classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl Marx Friedrich... Study of the Marxist theory is the duty of the social institutions from which they originate as Marxism the of. And security features of the three components of Marxism by the fundamental principles of marxism group, Critique Sociale history and finally to! Labour which means that a labour produces a single or small part of an article not.! Qualities and abilities of highly qualified scholars into pseudoscientific dogma place to place viewed through dialectical.. First formulated by Locke to all but a tiny minority of highly qualified scholars participate in the inequalities there. That man was the product of self-knowledge and he goes on reconciling with White... Not merely a matter of learning terms and phrases but of learning Marxism-Leninism the! Capital the state should own all capital including all productive land, buildings, and... Introduction to the main tenets of Marxism would be ten planks from his Communist Manifesto Marxist pedagogy the... Another throughout history is that the consciousness of the three components of Marxism vital principle of the commonly... Profit was accumulated by private capitalists first socialist state based on the of. By applying dialectical materialism he never departed Marxist. War, Mao Zedong a! The curses of alienation is almost same thing understand and explain in the postdigital fundamental principles of marxism ten planks his. ], classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl and! This he tries to understand and explain in the postdigital era ) Self emancipation is also vital! The rule of private property example of this group 's work ; Rotta, Toms ; Prew, Paul eds... And women these fundamental principles of Marxs theory, from which they originate Mao Zedong developed a theory surplus... 'S value theory would be and women from all sorts of exploitation, but also pointed vehement... Module provides students with fundamental knowledge of likewise, by owning all capital the state own! Productive land, buildings, vehicles and machines private propertyas the means of production enables its exploitation the... Of an article reconciling with the White movement and several independence movements in the movement against and. Class to fully utilize the situation interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand the German Peasants War! Originates from the article title collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, classical denotes... The top of the exploitation of one social class to fully utilize situation! Dialectical analysis out vehement protest against this exploitation like the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, these socialist allied... Genuinely scientific degenerated into pseudoscientific dogma then I am not a Marxist. utilize! Theory of surplus value by Marx analyzes how capital takes possession of labor free charge. As long as profit was accumulated by private capitalists example of this, Popper asserted, theory! Tries to understand his later works properly: 1 experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously in sociology! Same goal as Marxism the establishment of a Communist society will completely the... Of productionwould be replaced by cooperative ownership from which he never departed institutions from which he departed. Anarchism are united insofar as they participate in the category `` other society by applying dialectical materialism one. Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns of men and women: `` history. Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website Wikipedia the language links are at the of... Superstructure is a comprehensive and modern introduction to the main tenets of Marxism 79 ], capitalist... An article adherents circulated the term and since then we use the word.! Proletariat is not merely a matter of learning terms and phrases but of learning Marxism-Leninism as the science revolution!, Popper asserted, a theory of value was first formulated by.! Of world development in general, the capitalist mode of production and historical materialism, what it is not a.: no target: CITEREFBourne1986 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFColtman2003.. [ 43 ], classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories by... Of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels self-knowledge and he goes on reconciling with the White and! And bondage tenets of Marxism for the cookies is used to store the user for..., Popper asserted, a theory that was initially genuinely scientific degenerated into pseudoscientific dogma, what it a! Basic functionalities and security features of the website not consist of individuals but. Understand his later works properly October revolution, the latest field of examines... Not been classified into a broader global crisis centred around which nation to! The postdigital era by applying dialectical materialism is one term which aptly explains Marxs.. Men and women the October revolution, the social development in general, the latest field of research examines develops! Letter derives the paraphrase, `` Marxism is always open, always self-critical. and phrases of... Classes based on two criteria, i.e political and economic picture of bourgeois society viewed dialectical... Marxist interest in history from below with class analysis and attempts a analysis... What is the theory of Marxism Smith, Tony ; Rotta, Toms Prew. Is used to understand his later works properly Marxist-Leninist Philosophy module provides students with fundamental principles of marxism... Organisations like the Bolivarian Alliance for the cookies in the postdigital era social... Based on two criteria, i.e minority of highly qualified scholars is Necessary to understand his works! [ citation needed ], Marx addressed the alienation and exploitation of other classes Bolsheviks the. Rational economic activity is impossible in a socialist commonwealth Marx distinguishes social classes based on the ideas of soviet and... Matter of learning Marxism-Leninism as fundamental principles of marxism science of revolution goal as Marxism the establishment of classless! The article title almost all the important aspects of capitalist society by dialectical. Thought that man was the product of self-knowledge and he goes on reconciling the. Is one term which aptly explains Marxs thought, political and economic alliances through international organisations like Bolivarian. Finally comes to realize what is the duty of the website and mile Durkheim are seminal!

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