Fitzwilliam despaired of getting anything out of her but denials, and paid her a twisted compliment in the way Tudor men did: We may call her rather a strong and constant man than a woman she has shown herself so earnest, vehement and precise that more could not be. When he told her that her goods had been seized, she must have known it was the beginning of the end, and seemeth thereat to be somew[hat] appalled, but neither then nor at any later point did she profess anything but loyalty to Henry and regret at her familys folly. And the king was now newly enamored of a young noblewoman called Anne Boleyn. To my principles!". But Reginald Pole refused to do so, leaving for Europe in 1532. But they have never been proven, and in fact they seem pretty far fetched. Thick as thieves, More and the king continued to establish a close relationship, with More rising up in the ranks. But he himself did not sign the letter in which most of Englands nobles and prelates petitioned the pope to declare the marriage unlawful. Most aristocratic women outlived their husbands, and once a woman was widowed she was able to assert her independence and have a say in her family affairs, while cultivating the trope of the defenceless widow in any dealings with the authorities. Please include name, address and a telephone number. These are not consistent; and ifas he claimed at one pointPole rejected the Divorce in 1526 and refused the Oath of Supremacy in 1531, he received benefits from Henry for a course of action for which others were sentenced to death. He collected books and rare objects, but he gave away his possessions freely as well. Thomas More (1478-1535), lawyer and moral philosopher, is still regarded by many Catholics as the quintessential good man. Henry needed a son and heir. On this date in 1541, 68-year-old Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury, was beheaded within the confines of the Tower of London, as befitted her rank. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Margaret and Richard Pole had five children, born between about 1492 and 1504: four sons and the youngest a daughter. On June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. But he knew what was coming. For highlights from the latest issue, our archive and the blog, as well as news, events and exclusive promotions. The queen had suffered a series of miscarriages throughout their marriage; their only surviving child was the Princess Mary. It is meant to contrast with the reality of European rule, divided by ideologies and greed and self-interest. In 1520 Margaret was appointed governess to Henry's daughter Mary. Higginbothams narrative begins with this bungled beheading so either the jacket designer was in the dark about the contents, or someone at her publisher has a mordant sense of humour. Her mother, the great heiress Isabel Neville, died in 1476 after giving birth to her fourth child; this last baby, like Isabels first child, did not live. The Bishop of Rochester John Fisher is executed on the same charge. Margaret may have been deprived of her dynastic importance, but her marriage was honourable and stable, and she retained her status, if not her familys great titles and wealth. We come now to the great event of Henrys reign. In practice, pre-nuptial agreements, trusts and the legally sanctioned breach of entails created some flexibility. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. His father, Sir Richard Pole, was a cousin of King Henry VII, and his mother, Margaret, countess of . This discovery resulted in removal of Mores books and writing materials. He was Dean of Exeter and Wimborne Minster, Dorset, as well as a canon of York. Yesterday we travailed with the Lady of Salisbury all day before and after noon, till almost night. Sometimes the questioners were mild, sometimes roughly spoken, traitoring her and her sons to the ninth degree yet will she nothing utter. Margaret continued not uttering, or uttering no proof of treason. The chronology defeated observers, as if her life stretched back into a fabulous era when dragons roamed. On her wrist, emblematic, is a small barrel. There was a feeling in England that a new era had begun. The alleged plot between the earl and Warbeck was flimsy and perhaps government-sponsored, but both men were tried and executed. He is an English lawyer, eventually promoted to Chancellor and assistant to the King after Wolsey 's death. [3], Margaret was born at Farleigh Castle in Somerset, the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, and his wife Isabel Neville, who was the elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and his wife Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick. Margaret's loyalty was to Katherine of Aragon and to her daughter Princess Mary to whom she was governess and godmother. Pole and his hagiographers gave several later accounts of Pole's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. Margaret was a daughter of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabella Neville. Both Henry and Reginald Pole were attainted in 1539; Geoffrey was pardoned. When that daughters father-in-law was executed by Henry VIII, the Pole family fell out of favor briefly, but regained favor. Known for:Her family connections to wealth and power, which at some times of her life meant she wielded wealth and power, and at other times meant she was subject to great risks during great controversies. Margaret would have had a claim to the Earldom of Warwick, but the earldom was forfeited on the attainder of her brother Edward.[4]. A painting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: 'unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury'. . It took many blows to finally kill her and this botched execution was itself remembered and, for some, considered a sign of martyrdom. However, things suddenly change in May 1541 when a decision was made to execute her. In 1876, during restoration work on the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, the bones of a tall, elderly woman came to light. Margaret Pole, fdd 14 augusti 1473 i Bath, Somerset, England, dd 27 maj 1541 i London, England, grevinna av Salisbury, var en engelsk hovfunktionr. Elizabeth of York, who married John De la Pole was George's sister - making Margaret Pole, Elizabeth's aunt. Margarets youngest son, Geoffrey, probably under threat of torture, denounced not only his own family but the Courtenay clan and other prominent members of the old families. Thomas More was born on 7 February 1478 in London, the son of a successful lawyer. Higginbotham is more comfortable with biography, but this has not deterred her publisher from dressing up her new book like a historical novel of the type she doesnt much like, with a moody wash of colour and a woman with trailing skirts and half a head. The resulting trial was mere show; despite his impassioned and brilliant defense, no one ever expected More to be found anything other than guilty. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. He died young (about 1526) having married the heir of Roger Lewknor. In this first biography of a significant female figure in the male-dominated world of British Tudor politics, Hazel Pierce reconsiders the life and martyrdom of Catholic duchess Margaret Pole against the changing social and political landscape of her times. The danger the Tudors saw lay not in the present disposition of the Pole family who vehemently protested their loyalty but in their claim to the throne, and in Reginalds actions while he was out of the jurisdiction. Lady Fitzwilliam would not stay in the house alone with the countess, and the Lord Admiral soon requested Cromwell to take his guest away, sending his complaints with a few Shelsea cockles for the ministers table: I beg you to rid me of her company, for she is both chargeable and troubles my mind. When Margaret was attainted in May 1539, Cromwell displayed a mute witness against her, a coat-armour found among her effects, painted with the royal arms and the emblems of the family, pansies for Pole, and marigolds for my Lady Mary, as one witness explained: Pole intended to have married my lady Mary, and betwixt them both should again arise the old doctrine of Christ.. And More determined that their daughters would receive the same education as their son. It was a small mercy. [7] However, her brother's Warwick and Spencer [Despencer] estates remained in the hands of the crown.[8]. Wolsey, for all his brilliance and cunning, could not compete with that influence. A Bill of Attainder disinherited Margaret and her younger brother, Edward, and removed them from the line of succession. If, however, the subject lives a life of great extravagance, tell him he, too, can afford to give largely, the proof of his opulence being evident in his expenditure.. Margaret's relationship with Henry VIII, must have been good. Margaret was now fully under the king's will, with no title or lands to her name, she was to be styled simply as Margaret Pole. Such was his reputation that the the great universities Oxford and Cambridge made him high steward. She answered that no crime had been imputed to her. Shrewsbury Cathedral, she is in the fourth window in front of John Fisher. In 1541, Margaret was executed, protesting that she had not taken part in any conspiracy and proclaiming her innocence. A tradition has grown up that George was drowned in a vat a malmsey, an expensive sweet wine. His home at Chelsea was as close as Tudor England would come to an 18th century French salon. But Margaret Pole, one of the great magnates of Tudor England, is not overlooked. From the start, Margaret's life had been marred by tragedy and violence: her father, George . And the king did not force the issue. To ease the situation, Margaret devoted her third son, Reginald Pole, to the Church; he was to have an eventful career as a papal Legate and later as Archbishop of Canterbury. The one potentially scandalous act of his life was his quick second marriage to a widow seven years his senior, Alice Middleton. It states that Margaret refused to lay her head on the block, declaiming, "So should traitors do, and I am none". The honor was tremendous; notably, More was the first layman to hold the office. Henry wrote to Margaret, who in turn wrote to her son, reproving him for his "folly". Birth City: London, England. However, we should not assume that Mortons politics had any profound impact upon More. Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 1473 - 27 May 1541), was an English peeress.She was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, and Isabel Neville and was niece of kings Edward IV and Richard III.Margaret was one of two women in 16th-century England to be a peeress in her own right with no titled husband. The French ambassador said she was above eighty years old when Henry VIII had her beheaded, while the Imperial ambassador said she was nearly ninety. After Richard III seized the throne, he sent Margaret to Yorkshire with her brother. He impressed the cardinal enough that he was knighted upon his return and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer. In June 1535, after he had been imprisoned for over a year, Cromwells servant, Richard Rich, now solicitor general, stated that he had spoken with More and More had denied Parliaments power to make Henry head of the church. (Scientists aren't absolutely sure that people register no pain when the head is removed or that they lose consciousness instantaneously.) She, her grandson, Henry (son of her own son Henry), and Exeter's son were held together and supported by the king. It was Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter, who claimed to be brittle and fragile; one of the most persistent of the aristocratic plotters against Henry, she was in trouble in 1533 for her contacts with Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent, whose florid line in prophecy was discomfiting to the regime. The next year, the late king's marriage was declared invalid by the statute Titulus Regius of 1484, making his children illegitimate. On the scaffold, Margaret prayed for the royal family all except Anne Boleyns daughter, Elizabeth, whom she regarded as illegitimate. According to the account, she turned her head "every which way", instructing the executioner that, if he wanted her head, he should take it as he could. geralmente . The grave of Anne Boleyn. Katharine was the kings true wife. And his old friend, the duke of Norfolk, took care to warn him of his danger, Indignatio principis mors est. To which More famously replied, Is that all, my lord? Annes personal religious feeling was unimportant. "Pole, Margaret Plantagenet, Bl." No great European power was willing to commit men or money to this crusade, but their unwillingness was not apparent at the time. Towards the block I shall not go! John More was a successful lawyer who was later knighted and made a judge of the Kings Bench; he was prosperous enough to send his son to Londons best school, St Anthonys at Threadneedle Street. Nor make one step, as you shall see; She was married to James IV of Scotland from 1503-1513, which united the royal houses of England and Scotland. Get the best results here. Thomas More was living in his home called The Barge at Bucklersbury, off the east end of Cheapside about 500 yards north of the Thames. [10], When Mary was declared a bastard in 1533, Margaret refused to give Mary's gold plate and jewels back to Henry. I decided to investigate anemometers, because I wanted to look at different ways of measuring wind speed. In fact she was 67. Afterwards, he made a botched suicide attempt. Yet even as his legal future seemed assured, More was deeply conflicted about his future. Margaret is the main character of Samantha Wilcoxson's 2016 novel, Dwyer, J.G. Perhaps his earlier justification for the annulment had been a matter of self-interest, a selective interpretation of opaque text. He was keenly interested in theology, but he was not ordained; he was free to marry if he wished, and propagate a Plantagenet family. His father was not supportive, but More was fully prepared to be disowned rather than disobey Gods will. Princess Mary But in 1520 Margaret was clearly in favor with the King and Queen when she was appointed governess of the Princess Mary. He had long felt a calling to the priesthood. Her many fortified houses and castles, the number of tenants she could turn out, the belligerent propaganda from abroad all these brought the whole family into deep suspicion. By 1527, the king was in his mid-thirties, and his wife six years older. It was his great popularity that saved him. Her mother died after giving birth to a fourth child; that brother died ten days after their mother. In May 1539 Henry, Margaret, Exeter and others were attainted, as Margaret's father had been. Later in life, he bitterly resented her abandonment of him. In some versions, the plucky old girl refused to kneel at the block, and the headsman had to pin her down. Reginald Pole supported Henry VIII in 1529 trying to win support among theologians in Paris for Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Lewis, Jone Johnson. The charge was treason. No one would stage a rebellion in her favour while there were male Yorkists to mount a challenge. Reginalds brother Geoffrey was in correspondence with Reginald, and Henry had Geoffrey Pole, Margarets heir, arrested in 1538 along with their brother Henry Pole and others. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Ironically, it was his own honesty and probity which ensured his continued service to Henry. After several months, he was visited by Cromwell, but More refused to engage him in debate and merely declared himself a faithful subject of the king. We do not know. The symbolism and importance of this decision cannot be underestimated. She was a devout and learned young woman, and though we primarily know her as the older wife who could not bear Henry his desired son and heir, she was once young and pretty and well-liked. He never explicitly courted controversy, but he felt compelled to answer the reformers such as William Tyndale. This More was fully prepared to do. And so, when More returned from a diplomatic mission to France in summer 1527, the king laid the open Bible before his favorite councilor. Born 14 August 1473, Margaret was one of the few Plantagenets who had survived the Wars of the Roses She was the mother of . Its influence upon William Shakespeares Richard III is immense. And while this reasoning worked to replenish the royal treasury for Henry VII, it also provided the second Tudor king with a chance to curry popular favor when he in one of his first acts as Henry VIII imprisoned and later executed Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, who were Mortons (and his fathers) tax collectors. She had a small estate of land, inherited from her husband, but no other income and no prospects. She was born on the 14th August 1473 and married Sir Richard Pole in 1491, having five children before she was widowed in 1505. He moved into the Carthusian monastery adjoining Lincolns Inn and participated in the monks way of life as much as he could, while still pursuing his legal career. They had 1 son & 3 daughters: [1] Sir Thomas. We can't imagine how Margaret was feeling, she was 65 years of age when brought to the tower in 1539, an advanced age by the standards of the day. [26] She and her husband were parents to five children: Her son, Reginald Pole, said that he would "never fear to call himself the son of a martyr". His brother came to the throne in 1509 as Henry VIII, married the widowed Catherine, and in a first flush of goodwill began to repair the damage to Margarets fortunes. It was time to be rid of Warwick. He had a true gift for friendship and inspired deep loyalty amongst his family and friends. Did she plot against the crown? He was made knight of the Garter, and appointed chamberlain to the young Prince of Wales. It did not matter. Margaret Pole was the daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV, and a leading figure in the Wars of the Roses. The second season of The Spanish Princess premieres on Starz on Sunday, October 11. In The Kings Curse (2014) she was ground up by the great fictionalising machine that is Philippa Gregory, and in 2003 she was the subject of a major biography by Hazel Pierce: Margaret Pole: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership. At Bisham, where her forebears had founded a monastery, the remains of her executed brother lay with those of her grandfather the Kingmaker, slaughtered at the Battle of Barnet. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16 th century to hold a peerage in her own right. Chapuys wrote that, "at first, when the sentence of death was made known to her, she found the thing very strange, not knowing of what crime she was accused, nor how she had been sentenced". In the spring of 1536 the Boleyn family were destroyed, and the Pole family and other English grandees grouped themselves about the incoming queen, Jane Seymour. It was the king who had paid for Reginalds education at Oxford and later in Italy, where his noble connections gave him the entre into the smartest humanist circles. The Editor His work at Bruges and, later, Calais, as well as his continuing duties as undersheriff in London, were clear evidence of his skill and popularity. Hilary Mantel. Their old friendship was past; the kings new advisors were anti-Catholic and pro-Protestant, most notably among them was Thomas Cromwell. This was an obvious lie; More had never said anything of the sort to any other visitor, why Rich? It was the Act of Succession, passed the following month, that sealed his fate. It seems Margaret was questioned about her contacts with Barton, but she came to no harm as a result and, unlike Gertrude, she escaped without grovelling. This was not due to any dislike of the king. And he was well-connected enough to later secure his sons appointment as household page to John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England. But with him away from court there were outside influences on their relationship that neither brother could see coming. She was by necessity hostile to the Catholic church. Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons: A Play in Two Acts. Mores letters indicate that he was not particularly keen to enter royal service. In an effort to force their co-operation, Henry separated his wife and child, and Margaret who was Marys godmother offered to serve the young girl at her own expense. In 1535, Englands ambassador began suggesting that Reginald Pole marry Henrys daughter Mary. Here's how the cast of The Spanish Princess compares to their real-life counterparts, from Catherine to Margaret Pole. There are only glimpses of her in these years: my lady Margaret of Clarence. 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